ABSTRACT
Since the beginning of the year in January 2020, the world witnessed a terrifying unpredictable health emergency of human life which resulted in an outbreak of a disease known as a novel coronavirus (SARS CoV-2 / COVID-19-acute respiratory disease) which was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). With an abrupt increase in the number of cases, a nationwide lockdown was imposed where Pharmacists served as a lifeline by supplying medicines to people across the world and their operation has made a big difference amid the global pandemic. In such difficult times, Pharmacists have helped vulnerable patients stay well and ensured their safety amidst the pandemic. Although pharmacies and drug stores play an important part in the healing process, many people have the perception that they provide a commercial or business-like service. The doctor prescribes the right medicine with the right instructions, and the pharmacist fills the prescription for a fee. In a nutshell, it's a straightforward business. With the advancement of the healthcare system, the role of the Pharmacist has become crucial in today's era which is defined by insights and discoveries that elevate the greater well-being of humans. Due to the rapid expansion, the urban concentration of health services remains a challenge in a country like India. Hence there has to be strict monitoring governance over the healthcare framework. Copyright © 2022, Anka Publishers. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Multidrug resistance (MDR) bacterial infection is the next pandemic waiting behind the COVID-19 with annual mortality rate 700000 worldwide. Among the MDR bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are showing average resistance of 50 to 80% to ampicillin, amoxicillin, third-generation cephalosporin’s and fluoroquinolone and even to combinations antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. To make the antibiotic resistance issue worst, pharmaceutical industry is reluctant to invest in research and development of new antibiotic typically due to low returns on investment. Accordingly, use of combination of two or more antibiotics or use of the antibiotic adjuvants are only available ways in combatting the ever growing Multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria. The present paper is designed to analyze the synergistic potential of black pepper phyto-constituents as the amoxicillin adjuvants in comparison with isolated piperine against the MDR E. coli. using in-silico molecular docking. The result indicates that binding energy (Kcal/mol) and torsion free energy (Kcal/mol) of piperine (-6.23, +0.89), beta caryophyllene (-6.36, +0.00), beta selinene (-6.93, +0.30), beta-Thujene (-5.42, +0.30) is less for the emrD efflux pump as compared to amoxicillin (-5.85, +2.93) respectively indicating strong inhibition for EmrD of MDR E-coli than amoxicillin. The results are also indicating that black pepper extract containing all aforementioned phyto-constituents has synergistic effect in comparison with isolated piperine against the MDR E. coli. ADMET of these phyto-constituents also indicates their safety profile in combination with amoxicillin.